Agincourt - 3

https://chestnut-ah.livejournal.com/976009.html

Wallace Collection влаштувала невеличку виставку з нагоди 600-ліття перемоги під Азенкуром. Зовсім-зовсім невелику - але ж три зали зброї нікуди не ділися, і можна "добрати" в них (Нарешті побачив сагайдак до куші, із болтами, кінець 15 ст., який чомусь не виставлено у сталій експозиції)

Agincourt - 2

http://nuk-tnl-deck-prod-static.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/projects/a597e50502f5ff68e3e25b9114205d4a.html Battle of Agincourt, 1415, from the 'St. Alban's Chronicle' (vellum) Battle of Agincourt, 1415, from the 'St. Alban's Chronicle' (vellum)

The battle of Agincourt (Azincourt was and remains the French spelling) was one of the most remarkable events of medieval Europe, a battle whose reputation far outranked its importance. In the long history of Anglo-French rivalry only Hastings, Waterloo, Trafalgar and Crécy share Agincourt’s renown.

Agincourt’s fame could just be an accident, a quirk of history reinforced by Shakespeare’s genius, but the evidence suggests it really was a battle that sent a shock wave through Europe. For years afterwards the French called 25 October 1415 la malheureuse journée (the unfortunate day). It had been a disaster.
Yet it was so nearly a disaster for Henry V and his small, but well-equipped army. That army had sailed from Southampton Water with high hopes, the chief of which was the swift capture of Harfleur, which would be followed by a foray into the French heartland in hope, presumably, of bringing the French to battle. A victory in that battle would demonstrate, at least in the pious Henry’s mind, God’s support of his claim to the French throne, and might even propel him onto that throne. Such hopes were not vain when his army was intact, but the siege of Harfleur took much longer than expected and Henry’s army was almost ruined by dysentery.

Agincourt - 1

Extract from Campaign 9: Agincourt 1415 by Matthew Bennett
Once in position the archers began to shoot at the enemy. Just imagine for a moment that you are an archer in the English army. You are famished, cold and wet and suffering from diarrhoea or worse from the effects of your diet of unclean water and nuts and berries. You expect to die in the forthcoming battle. For the men-at-arms there will be ransoms and often cosy  captivity at the hands of men of their own class, related by birth or known to them personally. As a despised and feared footman, all you can expect is to be slaughtered by men so well-armoured as to be almost invulnerable or, if captured, to be mutilated so that you may not ply your craft again. The King has just reminded you that you can expect to lose three fingers from your right hand. However rousing his speech, you are most fortified by despair. At first it seems impossible that the French can be beaten. Then as you advance it becomes apparent that they have been careless – that they do not know what they are doing!

English Crossbowmen, Archers and Infantrymen Illustration taken from Men-at-Arms 85: Armies of Agincourt by Christopher Rothero

This Week in History - The Battle of Hastings (9-17 Oct 1066)

https://ospreypublishing.com/thisweekhistory/

Click on Essential Norman Conquest for a day-by-day reconstruction of the days between William’s landing at Pevensey on 28 September and his victory at Hastings. This website includes animated maps, 360 degree panoramas of the battlescene, 3D Norman and Saxon soldiers and 11th century soundbites.

Further reading

Essential Histories 12: Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (extract below) places the battle in its full historical context.

Campaign 13: Hastings 1066 (Revised Edition)  describes the campaign and battle in greater detail.

Warrior 1: Norman Knight AD 950–1204 explores the recruitment, training and lifestyle of the invaders.

Men-at-Arms 85: Saxon, Viking and Norman examines the equipment and lifestyle of the defenders.

Elite 9: The Normans expands on the crucial and formative effect that the Normans had on Britain and Europe.

This Week in History - Nicopolis (22-28 September 1396

https://ospreypublishing.com/thisweekhistory/

The battle of Nicopolis was the end of the crusades, but also the first encounter between the Ottoman Turks and the soldiers of western Europe. During the second half of the 14th century, the rapid spread of Ottoman Turkish conquests, and particularly the Ottoman threat to Hungary, was causing great consternation in western Europe. Further provocation was provided by the siege of Constantinople, the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire, in 1391 by Sultan Bãyazîd I 'The Lightning'. Pope Boniface IX preached a crusade and soon an army of English, French, Germans, Italians and Knights Hospitallers under the leadership of John of Nevers, son of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy marched east towards Constantinople, joining a Hungarian army under King Sigismund of Hungary on the way. They advanced deep into new Turkish territory, but were halted at the town of Nicopolis, which resisted the Crusader siege for over two weeks.

Sultan Bãyazîd decided to march to the town's rescue. He chose a defensive position straddling the road to the city with his flanks protected by ravines. Sigismund advised a cautious approach, but the western crusaders would have none of that. Instead, they charged straight at the Ottomans.
After a fierce battle, the Ottomans were victorious. It was a devastating loss for the Crusaders, particularly as Bãyazîd, enraged by his heavy losses, slaughtered most of his prisoners the next day.

В очікуванні виходу нової книги порекламую старі

https://www.bookclub.ua/catalog/books/facts/product.html?id=39203

Піхотинець князя Сигізмунда Корибутовича у битві під Вількомиром, 1434 р.

Автори реконструкції: М. Відейко, А.Галушка, О. Ком’яхов

Піхота того періоду складалася з вояків, озброєних по-різному; але працювали вони разом, однією командою, підтримуючи один одного. До такої команди входили алебардисти, списоносці, стрільці-арбалетники та щитоносці-павезники. На той час чи не найдосвіченішими піхотинцями Центрально-Східної Європи були чеські гусити, що взяли участь у нещасливій для Русі битві під Вількомиром у війську князя Сигізмунда Корибутовича; останній протягом попередніх півтора десятиліть брав активну участь у подіях у Чехії.

Основна зброя цього піхотинця — алебарда раннього типу (за зразок взято одну з алебард із Королівського музею зброї у Лідсі, датовану XV ст.).

Її бойова частина — комбінація прямокутного широкого леза бойової сокири, гостряка списа та гака — кувалася зі звичайного заліза; але її рубальна грань гартувалася так, щоб мати необхідну міцність для розрубування обладунку супротивника. Бойова частина насаджувалася вушком на держак приблизно двометрової довжини. Вушко охоплювало держак з двох боків довгими залізними смугами, за допомогою яких бойова частина надійно закріплювалася на держаку. Ці ж смуги запобігали спробам ворога перерубати держак. Вага алебарди могла коливатися від 2,5 до 5 кг; умілий удар нею залишав страшні рани і міг пробити плитовий обладунок.

Окрім алебарди, вояк має зброю ближнього бою — корд, тобто короткий (до 80 см) меч вагою близько 1 кг. Такі мечі були поширені в цей період серед нижчих верств населення. За модель на малюнку взято німецький корд XV ст. також із Королівського музею зброї у Лідсі. Корд у шкіряних піхвах — на боці вояка.

Голова вояка захищена залізним шолом-капаліном, що був популярним у Європі протягом кількох століть (за зразок служив експонат лондонської Збірки Воллеса). Шолом має форму капелюха із крисами; він носився поверх стьобаного підшоломника (що служив додатковим захистом голови) та іноді також (як у цього вояка) — кольчужного каптура.

Корпус вояка захищає бригандина (шкіряна куртка, підшита пластинами заліза — за зразком з Королівського музею зброї у Лідсі, датованим XV ст.) та стьобана куртка. На ногах шкіряні черевики на зав’язках та полотняні ногавиці, зшиті між собою так, що утворювалися примітивні штани (така мода лише щойно почала поширюватися в Європі).

This Week in History - Bosworth 1485 (18-24 August)

Bosworth 1485 (18-24 August)

'Give me my battle-axe in my hand,
Set the crown of England on my head so high!
For by Him that shape both sea and land,
King of England this day I will die!'

("The Ballad of Bosworth Field", the work of an unnamed supporter of the Plantagenets
from northern England, written sometime during the ten years after the battle)

With the battle threatening to turn against him, Richard staked all on a heroic charge with Henry Tudor the objective. He personally killed Henry's standard bearer with his lance, then swept a second defender out of his saddle with a blow of his axe and was very close to his goal. But the momentum of the charge was spent and Richard with his household were gradually overwhelmed. After his horse, already wounded, became trapped in some marshy ground Richard fought on to die bravely on foot. The Tudor victory did not bring the Wars of the Roses to an immediate end. Following his coronation on 30 October, Henry had to deal with a number of real threats and challenges. The last military action took place in 1497 and the last serious plot was eliminated in 1499. The traditional image of Richard III as monstrous king was a Tudor creation motivated by the need to justify the illegitimacy of Henry VII's accession. In truth, Richard served his brother Edward IV and his country well both in peace and war; he was a good and brave soldier. Indeed he seems to have been no worse and was quite possibly a rather better man than his peers, whether friends or enemies.

Further reading

Campaign 66: Bosworth 1485 The Last Charge of the Plantagenets (extract below) is a detailed reconstruction of this pivotal battle and the events and actions immediately preceding it. To place Bosworth in the context of the whole war, Essential Histories 54: The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485 is a compact account of the entire dynastic struggle, which spanned nearly all of the second half of the 15th century as well as the background to the war, and the consequences. Campaign 120: Towton 1461 England's bloodiest battle is a study of the longest and bloodiest battle of the War of the Roses, and another crucial battle of the wars, Tewkesbury, will be covered in Campaign 131: Tewkesbury 1471 The last Yorkist victory to be published in October.

Men-at-Arms 145: The Wars of the Roses. It also surveys the arms and armour, livery and badges of the opposing sides. Warrior 35: English Medieval Knight 1400-1500, (extract below) by the same author and illustrator as Campaign 66, describes the life and experiences of the 15th-century knight from his training as a squire to his involvement in battles in England and France. It also closely examines his dress and weaponry and explores the social mechanisms that attached systems and great families to each other.

Charles Saatchi's Great Masterpieces: Jan Van Eyck's project of the most blatant vanity

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/artists/charles-saatchis-great-masterpiecesjan-van-eycksproject-mostblatant/

The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin (detail) by Jan van Eyck

Jan Van Eyck is often credited as the inventor of oil painting. Yet although he is certainly the first artist who fully mastered the technique, in fact oils had been used in Indian and Chinese paintings as far back as the fifth century.
Nevertheless, the many who have admired Van Eyck’s extraordinary The Arnolfini Portrait (1434), at the National Gallery, will appreciate that he truly was a visionary. This small painting is not only sublimely beautiful, it is so rich with puzzling detail and metaphor that it has transfixed artists since it was completed. Van Eyck even signed the painting unconventionally: an inscription on the wall above the convex mirror in the background, “Jan Van Eyck was here 1434”.

Il Duomo Milanese (Museo)

Il Duomo Milanese

This Week in History - Constantinople, 1453 (3-10 April)

https://ospreypublishing.com/thisweekhistory/


Constantinople was built by the first Christian Roman Emperor, Constantine, in AD 325 as the Christian equivalent in the east to Rome, the capital of the western empire. Built on the strategically crucial site of ancient Byzantium, it controlled the entrance to the Black Sea as well as the east-west route from Europe to Asia Minor (modern Turkey). Surrounded by water on three sides, it was easy to defend and difficult to cut off entirely in a siege. Springs provided fresh water inside the walls, and fields between the circuits of walls provided food throughout attacks. Successive emperors of the eastern Roman Empire improved and added to the circuits of walls and defences. It was attacked on many occasions, by Roman and barbarian forces, but was only taken twice, once by the Latins in the Fourth Crusade, who held it for 50 years before the Nicaeans regained it, and then in 1453. The importance of Constantinople as an impregnable capital grew after the collapse of the western Roman Empire in the 5th century, as the eastern Roman Empire found itself with few allies. The Byzantine Empire fought its way through the centuries, sometimes on the offensive, often on the defensive, until it eventually went into a final slow decline in the 14th and 15th centuries, threatened by Serbia’s growing power, and then that of the Ottoman Turks.

Sułtan Murad II ćwiczy strzelanie z łuku, miniatura turecka, XVI w.

Міланська Фортецца Сфорцеска

Такий стиль фортифікації було запозичено в досить відлеглих від Італії теренах (Хоча варто вказати, що центральна вежв це репліка, зведена у 19 столітті за малюнками, що збереглися - у 16 столітті її було зруйновано, коли середньовічну фортецю доповнили більш сучасними бастіонами

Agincourt 1415

http://nuk-tnl-deck-prod-static.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/projects/a597e50502f5ff68e3e25b9114205d4a.html Battle of Agincourt, 1415, from the 'St. Alban's Chronicle' (vellum) Battle of Agincourt, 1415, from the 'St. Alban's Chronicle' (vellum)

The battle of Agincourt (Azincourt was and remains the French spelling) was one of the most remarkable events of medieval Europe, a battle whose reputation far outranked its importance. In the long history of Anglo-French rivalry only Hastings, Waterloo, Trafalgar and Crécy share Agincourt’s renown.

Agincourt’s fame could just be an accident, a quirk of history reinforced by Shakespeare’s genius, but the evidence suggests it really was a battle that sent a shock wave through Europe. For years afterwards the French called 25 October 1415 la malheureuse journée (the unfortunate day). It had been a disaster.
Yet it was so nearly a disaster for Henry V and his small, but well-equipped army. That army had sailed from Southampton Water with high hopes, the chief of which was the swift capture of Harfleur, which would be followed by a foray into the French heartland in hope, presumably, of bringing the French to battle. A victory in that battle would demonstrate, at least in the pious Henry’s mind, God’s support of his claim to the French throne, and might even propel him onto that throne. Such hopes were not vain when his army was intact, but the siege of Harfleur took much longer than expected and Henry’s army was almost ruined by dysentery.

Extract from Campaign 9: Agincourt 1415 by Matthew Bennett
Once in position the archers began to shoot at the enemy. Just imagine for a moment that you are an archer in the English army. You are famished, cold and wet and suffering from diarrhoea or worse from the effects of your diet of unclean water and nuts and berries. You expect to die in the forthcoming battle. For the men-at-arms there will be ransoms and often cosy  captivity at the hands of men of their own class, related by birth or known to them personally. As a despised and feared footman, all you can expect is to be slaughtered by men so well-armoured as to be almost invulnerable or, if captured, to be mutilated so that you may not ply your craft again. The King has just reminded you that you can expect to lose three fingers from your right hand. However rousing his speech, you are most fortified by despair. At first it seems impossible that the French can be beaten. Then as you advance it becomes apparent that they have been careless – that they do not know what they are doing!

English Crossbowmen, Archers and Infantrymen Illustration taken from Men-at-Arms 85: Armies of Agincourt by Christopher Rothero

The English archery seems to have stirred the French to action. First their crossbowmen loosed off a hasty volley, then fell back for fear of the English arrows. Then their two wings of cavalry launched a charge across the intervening ground.

This Week in History - Nicopolis (22-28 September)

https://ospreypublishing.com/thisweekhistory/


The battle of Nicopolis was the end of the crusades, but also the first encounter between the Ottoman Turks and the soldiers of western Europe. During the second half of the 14th century, the rapid spread of Ottoman Turkish conquests, and particularly the Ottoman threat to Hungary, was causing great consternation in western Europe. Further provocation was provided by the siege of Constantinople, the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire, in 1391 by Sultan Bãyazîd I 'The Lightning'. Pope Boniface IX preached a crusade and soon an army of English, French, Germans, Italians and Knights Hospitallers under the leadership of John of Nevers, son of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy marched east towards Constantinople, joining a Hungarian army under King Sigismund of Hungary on the way. They advanced deep into new Turkish territory, but were halted at the town of Nicopolis, which resisted the Crusader siege for over two weeks.

Sultan Bãyazîd decided to march to the town's rescue. He chose a defensive position straddling the road to the city with his flanks protected by ravines. Sigismund advised a cautious approach, but the western crusaders would have none of that. Instead, they charged straight at the Ottomans. After a fierce battle, the Ottomans were victorious. It was a devastating loss for the Crusaders, particularly as Bãyazîd, enraged by his heavy losses, slaughtered most of his prisoners the next day.

Further reading

For the full story of the last crusade, Campaign 64: Nicopolis 1396 The last Crusade (extract below) is a detailed account. Campaign 132: The First Crusade 1096-99 Conquest of the Holy Land is a new book giving the account of the very first crusade, three hundred years previously. To set Nicopolis against its background of three centuries of crusading, Essential Histories 1: The Crusades gives an overview of the entire period, and discusses the causes, context and consequences of the Crusades. For the Ottoman perspective of Nicopolis, turn to Essential Histories 62: The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699. Finally, for more information about Hungary in the last Crusade, and the subsequent fortune of Eastern Europe, Men-at-Arms 195: Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000-1568 is a detailed study.

Men-at-Arms 75: Armies of the Crusades, Elite 19: The Crusades, Men-at-Arms 155: Knights of Christ, and Men-at-Arms 125: The Armies of Islam 7th-11th Centuries cover the various armies involved in the crusading period. For information about the specific armies at Nicopolis, turn to Warrior 41: Knight Hospitaller (2) 1306-1565, Men-at-Arms 144: Armies of Medieval Burgundy 1364-1477 and Men-at-Arms 140: Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774.

До питання помешкань на території Києва у часи Володимира

Ну ви зрозуміли, до чого я :) А фото - із музея народної архітектури та побуту у Переяславі (зроблені навесні минулого року)